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              <text>D. José de Salamanca e Mayol was born on May 23, 1811, in Malaga, Spain. He was the son of a renowned Spanish doctor and married Petronila Livermore Salas, the daughter of a British tradesman. He became famous for being an important politician and businessman, especially in the railways sector. He graduated in Law at the University of Granada. As a politician, his early life was marked by the struggle against absolutism and the fight in favour of liberal ideals. He was one of the conspirators in the José María de Torrijos y Uriarte affair, count of Torrijos, to overthrow Fernando VII. However, the coup failed and Salamanca and Mayol, unlike many of the other conspirators and José María de Torrijos y Uriarte himself, managed to escape and go into exile at the age of twenty. In the following years he became actively involved in Spanish politics. He participated in the uprising against the Count of Tereno, was a member of the Revolutionary Junta of Seville and, shortly afterwards, travelled to the capital to exercise the functions of deputy for Malaga and of municipal judge. After an interregnum, in 1847 Salamanca Y Mayol returned to political life, having been appointed Minister of Finance, a position he held for a short time. The coup d'état carried out at that time forced him to go into exile until 1849. Two decades later, during the Revolutionary Sexennium, he was initially an Afonsine deputy, later becoming one of the opposition senators. Finally, in the first courts of the Bourbon Restoration, he was elected deputy by Albacete, and, later, senator by the Province of Leão. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During his life he harmonized politics and business as a symbiosis, serving as a strategy for social growth. As a businessman, he collaborated with bankers Buschental and Heredia, subsequently founding the Bank of Isabella II in 1844 and the Bank de Cadiz in 1846, he carried out operations on the London Stock Exchange for the profit of the Spanish treasury and explored the salt flats in Spain, an activity that gave him a lot of wealth. In 1844 his interest in the railways was shown for the first time. Salamanca asked the Spanish government authorization to build a railroad between Madrid and Aranjuez, an important town mainly to the members of the Spanish court, being the Royal Palace of Aranjuez the summer residence of the royal family. With ease, he obtained the support of Queen Isabella II, beginning the works on May 4, 1846. While he occupied the above-mentioned position of Minister of Finance, a coup made him take refuge in Baiona, returning to Madrid only in 1849. He resumed work on the railway from Madrid to Aranjuez, which ended on February 8, 1851, was involved in the construction of rail links throughout Spain and in the construction of the Mediterranean Line, having consequently contributed to the construction of the rail link between Spain and France. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After several years of affirming his position in the railways business, Salamanca Y Mayol started this activity in Portugal. In April 1859 he signed a provisional contract with the Portuguese Government, which in September became definitive, in order to finish the so-called Eastern Line, which connected Lisbon to Badajoz, and the Northern Line, which connected the capital to the city of Porto. Salamanca Y Mayol created, for the purpose of exploring the lines, the “Companhia Real dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses”, leaving its direction to D. Eusébio Page, and installed it in the Palmela Palace, in Lisbon. A period of stagnation that marked the beginning of the History of Railways in Portugal ended with Salamanca Y Mayol. In addition to managing the construction and operation of the Northern and Eastern Lines in Portugal, he continued to invest in railways in Spain and France, being, since the beginning of his activity in this sector, the main operator of the lines he built. Still in Portugal, Salamanca Y Mayol was one of the responsibles for the foundation of the “Entroncamento” settlement, a central location to the Eastern and Northern Lines, and for the construction of the Douro River bridge. Regarding the latter, the government intended to finish the Northern Line in Devesas, Vila Nova de Gaia, however Salamanca Y Mayol insisted on the construction of a bridge that could bring the end of the line to Campanhã. Having managed to approve the crossing, on 5 November 1877, the train arrived in the city of Porto. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Already in the final period of his life, a crisis in the Railways business, years after he dismissed D. Eusébio Page from the Company due to a defeat in a litigation with the Portuguese government, and in the real estate business, particularly in a neighbourhood that he was building in the Boa Vista district in Madrid, left Salamanca Y Mayol quite impoverished, putting an end to the period of his life when he was considered one of the richest men in 19th century Spain. D. José de Salamanca Y Mayol died in the district of Vista Alegre, in Madrid, on the 21st of January 1883, at the age of 72. During his life he accumulated the titles of Marquis of Salamanca and Count de Llanos, and the degree of “Grande de España”. He was, until the day of his death, administrator of the “Companhia Real dos Caminhos de Ferros Portugueses”.</text>
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              <text>LEAL, C. (1954). As Grandes Figuras no Caminho de Ferro em Portugal. &lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;, Nº1598, pp. 197-200.</text>
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              <text>LORCA, P. (2020). José de Salamanca y Mayol. In &lt;em&gt;Real Academia de la Historia&lt;/em&gt;, [online]. Available at: http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6036/jose-de-salamanca-y-mayol [Accessed 13 July 2020].</text>
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                <text>Individual Actors, Entrepreneur, Private Promoter, José de Salamanca Y Mayol </text>
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              <text>Hardy Hislop was an English entrepreneur and speculator responsible for one of the first proposals for the construction of the eastern railway line in Portugal. His importance for the History of Construction is related precisely to his influence in the first years of life of the railway network in Portugal. Despite being easily integrated with the Portuguese mid-nineteenth century political circles, Hardy Hislop was later unfavourably described by “Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro”. This magazine described him as a “man of great ambitions, but of few means of fortune. An aborted embryo of Cecil Rhodes”. The Englishman was back then the representative of one of the first groups of English businessmen interested in building the railways in Portugal, having presented a project by Thomas Rumball for the construction of what would become the “Linha do Leste”, connecting Lisbon to the border with Spain, in Badajoz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On June 18, 1851, the year his project was submitted, a committee was created to consider this proposal. Following this commission, Fontes Pereira de Melo, Minister of Finance, created the tender for the construction of the first section of “Linha do Leste”, launched on May 6, 1852. One of the three proposals was from the “Companhia Central Peninsular dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses”, represented by Hislop. Created in 1853, it was was the first railway company created in Portugal, resulting from the initiative of a group of English businessmen, namely John David Barri, John Owens, James Kitson, Charles Waring and Thomas Rumball and represented precisely by Hardy Hislop.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hislop and the company, winner of the tender, committed themselves to build the first section from Lisbon to Santarém, as predicted by the tender, but also the following sections to Porto and to the border, once the definitive concessions were won. However, several obstacles were put in place, delaying the beginning of the construction of the railway. The administration, like the rest of the company's structure, was drastically changed in the years following the foundation of the company. On the other hand, there were consecutive incompatibilities between the company and the contractors. For these reasons, the first section of the line was only inaugurated, after several interruptions in 1855, on October 28, 1856. Hislop and the company would not survive the constant obstacles to building the “Linha do Leste”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1857, a year later, Carlos Bento da Silva presented a bill, accepted by the Portuguese courts, with the purpose of condemning the contract with the company, and, consequently, signing a new one with the British engineer and businessman Samuel Morton Peto. This was the beginning of the end of the “Companhia Central Peninsular dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses” and of course of the influence of the figure of Hardy Hislop. Years later the “Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro” would describe Hislop and all the proceedings leading up to the end of his company saying, “it was just a dream”. The Englishman and the company he created were a clear example of the strong financial speculation in the follow-up of the first developments of the railways all over Europe.</text>
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              <text>ESPREGUEIRA MENDES, R. (1957). A Evolução Histórica dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses. &lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;, Nº1669, pp. 243-246.</text>
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              <text>D'ORNELLAS, C. (1936). 80 Anos de Caminhos de Ferro. &lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;, Nº1173, pp. 507-509.</text>
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                    <text>BOAVIDA, J. (2018). "Porto Novo da Ilha de Santo Antão". In &lt;em&gt;Livro das CT&lt;/em&gt;, [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNGC4oW7PYQ [Accessed 04 Mar. 2020].</text>
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              <text>Luís Soares was born on July 3, 1901, in Porto. In 1938 he married Gizelda da Silva Lousada Soares, with whom had four children, including the civil engineer Luís Manuel Lousada Soares. He was a Portuguese electrical engineer and entrepreneur in the construction and public works sector. Graduated in eletrical engineering at the Faculdade de Engenharia of the Universidade do Porto. He started by founding the company “J. Praça e M. Godinho – Engenheiros Civis (UP) e H. Peres e L. Soares – Engenheiros Eletrotécnicos e Mecânicos (UP)”, together with Manuel Godinho, José Praça and Henrique Peres. One of the fist construction works of this company was the headquarters building of the newspaper "O Comércio do Porto", built between 1927 and 1930 and whose project was made by Rogério de Azevedo. Under the purview of this company, some other works we’re made by him and his colleagues, such as the Chapel of La Salette, from the architect Correia da Silva, and the Lyceum Rodrigues de Freitas, from the architect Marques da Silva. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1932 Luís Soares, together with Manuel Godinho and José Praça, founded OPCA, Obras Públicas e Cimento Armado, S.A., this time without Engineer Henrique Peres, since he already worked for the Carris company. The three are the authors of numerous projects developed throughout the life of this company, including the Trofa Bridge, from 1932, the Viana do Castelo Harbor Building, designed by the architect Rogério de Azevedo and built between 1932 and 1934, the Building for the Fish Exchange, by the architect Januário Godinho and built in 1939, and the reconstruction of the Palace of the Dukes of Bragança, in Guimarães.</text>
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              <text>Manuel António Godinho de Almeida was born in 1919 in the parish of Válega, in Ovar. He was the son of António Godinho de Almeida and Albina de Jesus Lopes Godinho and brother of Januário, João, Martim, Ana Amélia and Maria Nazaré Godinho de Almeida. He married Maria Angelina de Jesus Horta Leite Godinho de Almeida, with whom he had a daughter, Maria Manuela Leite Godinho de Almeida. He built or guided some of the main reinforced concrete works carried out in Portugal during the twentieth century. As a student, he attended the Espírito Santo College in Braga and the Porto Academic School, where he completed the high school. Graduating with a high degree in Mathematics from the Faculdade de Ciências of the Universidade do Porto, he would later enroll in the Faculdade de Engenharia of the same University to complete Civil Engineering. Due to his dynamism and liberal spirit, during this period he was head of the Academic Association of the University and other student organizations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He began his professional life as a teacher at the Alexandre Herculano High School in Porto, having then, together with the painter António Coita and engineer José Praça, founded the “Escola Normal de Desenho”. Later, and giving in to his entrepreneurial spirit, he devoted himself to the construction sector, having been a partner and administrator of several companies, some of them leading companies in the country. He started by founding the company “J. Praça e M. Godinho – Engenheiros Civis (UP) e H. Peres e L. Soares – Engenheiros Eletrotécnicos e Mecânicos (UP)”, together with José Praça, Luís Soares and Henrique Peres. One of the fist construction works of this company was the headquarters building of the newspaper "O Comércio do Porto", built between 1927 and 1930 and whose project was made by Rogério de Azevedo. Manuel Godinho and the other founders made the calculations of reinforced concrete and the roof structures of this building. Under the purview of this company, some other works we’re made by him and his colleagues, such as the Chapel of La Salette, from the architect Correia da Silva, and the Lyceum Rodrigues de Freitas, from the architect Marques da Silva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1932 Manuel Godinho, together with José Praça and Luís Soares, founded OPCA, Obras Públicas e Cimento Armado, SA, this time without Engineer Henrique Peres, since he already worked for the Carris company. The three are the authors of numerous projects developed throughout the life of this company. He founded other companies, such as Novopca, Constructores Associados, Lda, and ENO, Sociedade Constructores Reunidos, SARL. As an engineer and entrepreneur, he intervened in numerous important public works of the Portuguese 20th century, namely the construction of the Alcântara Refrigerator, the Bouça, Picote and Ponte da Régua dams, on the Douro River, the Lisbon Municipal Slaughterhouse, the Bridge over the Tagus, current 25 de Abril bridge, especially the earthmoving and construction of works of art from its access to the south, the Port of Lisbon and the Lisbon Metro. Manuel António Godinho de Almeida died on October 24, 1989 in Lisbon.</text>
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              <text>&lt;em&gt;Notícias de Ovar &lt;/em&gt;(1989). Ano XXII, nº 1106, 13 de novembro, p. 1.</text>
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