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                    <text>GEORGE, F. (2013). &lt;em&gt;João Simões (1908-1995)&lt;/em&gt;. Dossier de Lutas, [online]. Available at: &lt;span style="background-color: #ffffff;"&gt;https://www.dossierdelutas.pt/2017/07/26/joao-simoes-1908-1995/&lt;/span&gt; [Accessed 8 Oct. 2019].</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;João Simões was born in 1908, in Lisbon. He attended architecture at the Escola de Belas-Artes, in Lisboa, from which he graduated in 1932. He was one of the architects who deepened the Portuguese modernist school, leaving his trace not only in Portugal but also in the former colonies, being responsible, for example, for the project of the Sé Catedral of Bissau. He was part of an intervention movement that imposed quality and a new style on urban buildings, along with Cassiano Branco, Veloso Reis Camelo, Raul Martins, Faria da Costa and Francisco Keil do Amaral, among others.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;A convinced Republican, he actively participated in the movements of the Democratic Opposition to Salazar. However, this condition did not prevent him from collaborating with Duarte Pacheco in public works that marked that time period, namely the Hospital de Santa Maria, the Escola de Enfermagem do IPO, the Alcântara Refrigerated Warehouses, the current Museu do Oriente, the Hotel Nazaré, the Casa da Imprensa, the Estádio Universitário de Lisboa, the Estádio 1º de Maio in Braga, the praça do Marquês de Pombal and the Caixa Geral de Depósitos in Figueira da Foz. Many other works, including industrial and housing equipment, churches and public and private buildings are part of his portfolio. He was awarded twice with the Valmor Prize. The first time, in 1942, for a housing building located at Praça Duque de Saldanha, nº 31, a project for José Alexandre Matos framed within the style of that time. The second, in 1949, was also a ground-floor housing building occupied by a commercial establishment, located at Rua da Artilharia 1, nº 105, a project for the Companhia de Seguros Sagres. He collaborated in the 1940 Portuguese World Exhibition, elaborating the project for the pavilions of the “Secção da Vida Popular”, the current Museu de Arte Popular, in partnership with the architect António Reis Camelo.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Among his hobbies was football, having been a player at the Amoreiras stadium of Sport Lisboa e Benfica. Already as an architect, it was proposed to him by the club president, Joaquim Ferreira Bogalho, the project for a new stadium. João Simões accepted the challenge and Benfica's new stadium would be inaugurated on December 1st, 1954, with almost 50 thousand seats distributed in its two rings. In 1960 he would again intervene in the building to add a third ring. The venue now had a capacity of 80,000 spectators. Finally, in 1985, the construction of another third ring made “Luz” the “great cathedral” with the possibility of receiving 120,000 attendants, being not only the largest stadium in Europe but the third largest in the world. Moreover, this was the first work that resorted to the use of prestressed concrete. He was not alive to witness the demolition of the stadium and the construction of a new venue, 49 years after its inauguration.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;His intervention also extended to urbanism. João Simões was responsible for the urban supervision of the city of Cartaxo. In 1947, he was responsible for the design and approval of the Mercado Municipal and the requalification of the Caixa Geral de Depósitos Building. In 1982 he also designed the Câmara Municipal of Cartaxo. In life, he was still made an officer of the Ordem Militar de Cristo, on May 20, 1953. João Simões died in Beja in 1995 at the age of 87.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>COITO, Rogério (2015). &lt;em&gt;João Simões&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;O Arquitecto que Renovou o Cartaxo&lt;/em&gt;. Jornal de Cá. [online] Cartaxo Diário Digital. Available at: https://jornaldeca.pt/joao-simoes-arquitecto-renovou-cartaxo/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2019].</text>
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              <text>BARREIROS, M. (2016). &lt;em&gt;Habitar no Coletivo&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Um prédio de apartamentos “futurista” na Lisboa de 1930&lt;/em&gt;. Cadernos do Arquivo Municipal, 2ª Série, Nº 6, pp. 85-106.</text>
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                    <text>&lt;em&gt;Den Krümmel kennenlernen, Auf den Spuren Alfred Nobels&lt;/em&gt; (2012). Vierlaender.de, [online]. Available at: https://vierlaender.de/archives/246-Den-Kruemmel-kennenlernen-Auf-den-Spuren-Alfred-Nobels....html&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-color: #ffffff;"&gt;[Accessed 8 Oct. 2019]&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Hermann Distel was born on September 15, 1875, in Weinsberg, Germany. Coming from a conservative family, during his youth and adolescence he developed a taste for arts and carpentry, having worked at the Weinsberg Municipal Building Office and at a studio in Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. During his activity in these workshops he contacted with names such as Carl Schäfer, Josef Durm and Friedrich Ratzel. He then entered the Breslau Academy of Fine Arts, where he attended and graduated architecture. Back in Karlsruhe, he did an internship with Professor Karl Moser. At the same time, he started working at the Freiburg District Building Inspection.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;His professional activity is quite wide, having worked in several cities, namely Zurich, Rheinfelden, Colmar and Berlin. In 1905, he opened a studio in Hamburg, together with August Grubitz. In the 1920s and 1930s their studio was already specialized in hospital unit designs. However, he is the author of numerous other works. From the beginning, its activity was intense, doing also housing, industrial and religious constructions, as well as urban plans. His projects developed a language that gradually and moderately valued functional interiors and adopted a rectilinear slant, experimenting with terraced roofing while employing local materials such as brick. With August Grubitz he designed the &lt;em&gt;Montanhof&lt;/em&gt; building between 1924 and 1926. In Germany he designed the University of Hamburg, the &lt;em&gt;Maria-Hilf&lt;/em&gt; Hospital, the expansion of the &lt;em&gt;Diakonissenkrankenhauses Bethanien&lt;/em&gt; in Hamburg, the &lt;em&gt;Bethesda&lt;/em&gt; café in Berlin, the Free Mason’s Hospital in Hamburg, the Israeli Hospital in also in Hamburg and, in 1940, the &lt;em&gt;Frauenklinik&lt;/em&gt; Hospital, together with the &lt;em&gt;Universitätsklinikum und Medizinische Institute&lt;/em&gt; in Berlin. He also designed his residence in &lt;em&gt;Hamburger Stadtteil Bergedorf&lt;/em&gt;, now a classified heritage.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In 1931, he was president of the Construction Section of the International Hospitals Association. With an established career in the III Reich, he gained recognition as an international hospital architect, publishing theoretical writings and receiving several orders in parallel not only in Germany but also in other countries. In this regard, in 1935, at the Congress of the International Association of Hospitals, he was appointed honorary member of the American Association of Architects, which gave him the visibility that would allow him to design the Hospital Escolar de Lisboa, the Hospital Escolar do Porto and a project for a Large Hospital to be built in Lisbon, in collaboration with his son, Walter Distel. In line with the Estado Novo, the German architect designed two of the works that would represent the most the architecture of this period.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;He wrote several studies, including &lt;em&gt;Rationeller Krankenhaus-Bau&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Ausstellungs-und Kongresshallen in Deutschland&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Rationaller Krankenhaus Bau &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;Architekt Hermann Distel in Arbeitsgemeinschaft mit Architekt A. grubitz einer Einleitung von Carl Anton Piper&lt;/em&gt;. Hermann Distel died on August 15, 1945 in Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Francisco Caetano Keil Coelho do Amaral&amp;nbsp;was born on April 28, 1910, in Lisbon. He was the son of Francisco Coelho do Amaral dos Reis, 1st Viscount of Pedralva, and Guida Maria Josefina Cinatti Keil. Francisco came from a family of artists, with Alfredo Keil and Giuseppe Cinatti as his ancestors. He grew up in Canas de Senhorim, in the district of Viseu. He went to Luanda in 1920, since his father was Governor-General of Angola. He returned to Portugal in 1921 and joined the Gil Vicente High School. In 1928 he began to attend the Architecture degree of the Escola de Belas Artes School, in Lisboa. However, his experience at this school is not the best one. In the first year of his degree he received a disciplinary proceeding resulting from a conflict with Arnaldo Adães Bermudes, professor of Belas Artes. He was forced to finish the degree as an external student, which he ended in 1934. It was in this context that he began working in the atelier of Carlos Ramos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The beginning of his professional activity is manifested by his participation in the exhibitions of the Sociedade Nacional de Belas Artes in the years of 1932 and 1933, this last year also marks his first project, the Pasteur Institute. In 1936 he won the competition for the Portugal Pavilion in the Paris Universal Fair, remaining in the French capital for a year to supervise the construction of the Pavilion. In 1939 he joined the Lisbon City Hall, together with Inácio Peres and João Guilherme Faria da Costa. Until 1949 they were in charge of the initiatives for a functional expansion of the city. Highlights from this period are his intervention in the reorganization of the capital green spaces, namely the Eduardo VII Park, Campo Grande and Monsanto Park. Also, during the 1940s, the projects of the Lisbon Airport, two theaters, in Mangualde and Nelas, the Bairro Económico de Benfica and several single-family homes stand out. In the 1950s important marks of his career are the buildings for the Portuguese Electricity Union, Luanda and Santa Maria Airports, as well as several TAP delegations spread around the globe, in Porto, Luanda, London, Lourenço Marques, Rio de Janeiro and others, and the first stage of the Metropolitan of Lisbon, which included all the stations inaugurated in 1959. Already in the 1960s he designed, with Carlos Ramos, the Baghdad stadium in Iraq.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keil do Amaral was a very politicized architect in a political context marked by the Estado Novo dictatorship. He published several articles and books, namely &lt;em&gt;A arquitetura e a vida&lt;/em&gt; in 1942, &lt;em&gt;A Moderna Arquitectura Holandesa&lt;/em&gt; in 1943, &lt;em&gt;O Problema da Habitação&lt;/em&gt; in 1945, &lt;em&gt;A formação dos arquitetos&lt;/em&gt; in 1948, &lt;em&gt;Histórias à Margem de um Século de História&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Lisboa, uma Cidade em Transformação&lt;/em&gt; in 1970 and, at last, &lt;em&gt;Quero Entender o Mundo &lt;/em&gt;in 1974. His intervention between 1939 and 1973 in the Municipal Magazine, created by the Lisbon City Hall, was also striking for the architectural environment. He taught in 1943, the subject of Art and Architecture at the Popular University. He participated in the organs of the Sindicato Nacional dos Arquitetos and was one of the most active promoters of the Exposições Gerais de Artes Plásticas, between 1946 and 1956, which marked a cultural dynamic of opposition to the dictatorship. Keil had an important role in the formation of the group of Cultural Initiatives &lt;em&gt;Arte e Técnica&lt;/em&gt; and in the reformulation of the magazine &lt;em&gt;Arquitectura&lt;/em&gt;. He was one of the protagonists of the First Congresso Nacional de Arquitetura in 1948. In that same year he was also elected president of the Sindicato Nacional dos Arquitetos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His activity earned him several awards. The Municipal Architecture Prize of Lisbon in 1951, the Diário de Notícias Prize in 1960 and the Valmor Prize in 1962. On March 4, 1941 he was also made an Officer of the Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada. Shortly before his death, which took place in Lisbon on February 19, 1975, he participated in the urbanization contest for the Island of Porto Santo.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Luís Cristino da Silva was born in the parish of Santa Isabel, Lisbon, on May 21, 1896. Son of Maria Antónia Augusta de Almeida Carvalhosa e Silva and João Ribeiro Cristino da Silva, professor of the Instituto Industrial and member of the " Grupo do Leão ", a group of artists responsible for the diffusion of naturalistic painting in Portugal, which included, for example, Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro. He descended from several generations of painters, gaining an early taste for art. He grew up in the neighborhood of Santo Amaro, where he became friends with Cotinelli Telmo, his neighbor. In 1907 he began studying at the Escola Industrial Marquês de Pombal and in 1910 at the Belas Artes School of Lisbon, attending the preparatory course of Civil Architecture. In 1918 he got the degree and competed for a scholarship abroad, moving to Paris in 1920.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Paris, Cristino da Silva was trained in Victor Laloux's studio while studying at the &lt;em&gt;École Nationale des Beaux-Arts&lt;/em&gt;. In 1923, he asked to be transferred to Rome for a year, studying and working at the French Academy, in &lt;em&gt;Villa Médicis&lt;/em&gt;. In the capital of Italy, he carried out archaeological reconstitution studies. After returning to Paris, in 1924, Cristino da Silva finished his studies and returned to Portugal. His professional career would start with his exhibition in the Sociedade Nacional de Belas Artes, presenting several projects carried out in Paris and having a very favourable reception. Soon, in 1925 he began designing the Cineteatro Capitólio, which would end in 1931. In this last year he worked on the entrance portico of Parque Mayer. In 1930 he worked on the extension of Avenida da Liberdade, the current Eduardo VII Park. At the end of the 1930s, between 1937 and 1938, he worked on the double staircase that linked the two garden plans of the São Bento Palace. In the 1940s several are the works of excellence. The Pavilhão de Honra e de Lisboa for the Portuguese World Exhibition of 1940, the Areeiro square, between 1941 and 1960, the branches of Caixa Geral de Depósitos of Guarda, Castelo Branco and Leiria, between 1938 and 1943, Avenida António Augusto Aguiar in 1943, and the new buildings of the University of Coimbra between 1949 and 1966.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cristino da Silva was invited by Engineer Duarte Pacheco, on behalf of the Lisbon City Hall, to elaborate some of the partial urbanization plans for the city of Lisbon. The Partial Plan for Urbanization of the Zone between Restauradores Square and D. João da Câmara Square between 1945 and 1957, the Partial Remodeling Study of Bairro Alto between 1949 and 1952 and the Building Project of the Ministério das Obras Públicas e Comunicações in Praça do Comércio and Largo do Corpo Santo between 1952 and 1958. Steel in the 1950s, he projected the monument to Duarte Pacheco in Loulé on the tenth anniversary of his death and the Marginal Zone of Belém, between 1953 and 1961.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1933 he won the competition to teach Architecture at the Escola de Belas Artes, in Lisboa, which he taught until 1966. While being a teacher Cristino da Silva was an apologist for a model of teaching in which students studied at school and practiced in the atelier. Cristino da Silva also served as a vowel of the Conselho Superior de Obras Públicas between 1942 and 1954. His work earned him several awards. He received the Medal of Honor of the Sociedade Nacional de Belas Artes in 1943, the Valmor Prize and the Municipal Prize for Architecture in 1944, the National Art Prize of the Arte do Secretariado Nacional de Informação in 1961. he was also decorated several times. On March 4, 1941, he was made Commander of the Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada. On September 30, 1957, he was made Commander of the Ordem da Instrução Pública and on July 19, 1961, he was made Commander of the Ordem do Infante D. Henrique. A street in Marvila was also named after him. Luís Cristino da Silva died in 1976.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;José Marques da Silva was born in Porto on October 18, 1869. On the paternal side of his family he descended from agricultural workers, except for his father Bernardo Marques da Silva, who became a bricklayer and opened a materials workshop. His mother Maria Rosa Marques had in total ten children, being José Marques da Silva the oldest. He attended primary school and highschool at Ordem da Trindade School until 1851. Having worked in his father's materials workshop, he quickly gained aptitude and taste for the area, digging ground to enter the Portuense Academy of Belas Artes, where he entered in 1882. He was a student of António Geraldes da Silva Sardinha, João Marques de Oliveira and António Soares dos Reis. In 1889 he went to Paris to further his knowledge and studies, joining the &lt;em&gt;École Nationale et Spéciale des Beaux-Arts&lt;/em&gt; in 1890. During his stay in the French capital he worked in the studio of Victor Laloux, author of Gare d'Orsay, and became friends with Teixeira Lopes, Ventura Terra, Veloso Salgado and António Nobre. He would return to Portugal in 1896, the same year he finished his degree in architecture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His activity grew quickly, having participated in both the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1900 and the Rio de Janeiro Exhibition of 1908. His designs were able to spread his mark for various decades and different cities. In the city of Porto and Braga, he designed the S. Bento Station in 1896, the working-class neighborhood "O Comércio do Porto" between 1899 and 1905, the Monument to the Heroes of the Peninsular War in 1909, the National Theater of S. João in 1910, the Four Seasons Building in 1905, the Alexandre Herculano high school in 1914, the Warehouses Nascimento in 1914, the House of Irmandade da Lapa between 1910 and 1915, the Rodrigues de Freitas high school in 1919, the Diário de Notícias building in Porto in 1825 and, among others, the House and Gardens of Serralves between 1925 and 1943. His brand was also felt in the city of Guimarães, having designed the Sociedade Martins Sarmento between 1903 and 1908, the Municipal Market between 1927 and 1947 and the Penha Sanctuary between 1930 and 1947. In Lisbon he participated in the conclusion of the works of the Jerónimos Monastery, in the revitalization of the São Bento Palace, the Lisbon Cathedral, and in the restoration of the Belas Artes School of Lisbon. Concerned for his activity, he traveled to Spain, England, France, Belgium and Germany in search of inspiration for his projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to being a great technician, José Marques da Silva was also important in the academic world. In 1900 he was invited to teach Design and Modeling at the Instituto Industrial e Comercial do Porto. In 1906 he was appointed professor of architecture at the Portuense Academy of Belas Artes, which was already called the Belas Artes School of Porto. Between 1913 and 1914 and later between 1918 and 1938 he was the director of this same school. He was also a professor and director of the Soares dos Reis Artistic School between 1914 and 1930. His connection to the drawing subject assured him the esteem of a generation of modern architects who, starting from the academic base sedimented by Marques da Silva, reinvented Porto’s architecture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Marques da Silva was, at last, involved in the Conselho Superior da Sociedade de Belas-Artes, being an associate almost all his life. He was the first associate of the Sociedade de Arquitetos do Norte. He was a collaborator in the Yearbook of the Sociedade Portuguesa de Arquitetos. He was also architect of the Porto City Hall, from 1904 to 1906. In the field of decorations, he was awarded, in 1908, the Official Degree of the Ordem de S. Tiago de Mérito Científico, Literário e Artístico. Already posthumously, he was awarded by the City Hall of Porto with the Gold Medal of the City and a street name in the Campo Alegre area. José Marques da Silva died on June 6, 1947, in Porto.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Prates, N. (2016). Crónicas do outeiro: Raul Lino – O arquiteto da Casa dos Patudos. Alpiarcense Journal, [online]. Available at: https://www.alpiarcense.com/cronicas-do-outeiro-raul-lino-o-arquiteto-da-casa-dos-patudos/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2019]</text>
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              <text>Raúl Lino da Silva&amp;nbsp;was born on November 21, 1879, son of José Lino da Silva, a construction materials seller. He grew up between Lisbon and São Pedro de Sintra. At the age of 11, he went with his family to England, joining a catholic school outside Windsor, the St. James Roman Catholic School. In England he contacted with landscapes, architectures and interiors from the &lt;em&gt;Arts and Crafts&lt;/em&gt;, an artistic, catholic and medievalist chain, which was affirmed in England in the late twentieth century by names like John Ruskin and William Morris. The presence in British land between 1890 and 1893 was essential to his growth as an observer of the space and to his educational values, especially the respects for others. In 1893, at the age of 13, he went with his father to Hanover, Germany, to learn the language and take a degree in architecture. José Lino enrolled his son at the Technical Institute of Hannover (&lt;em&gt;Technische Hochschule&lt;/em&gt;), a suggestion given not only from Joaquim Bensaúde, but also from Antero de Quental, both friends of his father. Here he continued to nourish a chain of medieval revivalism, under the umbrella of Albrecht Haupt, his master, a trend that was consequently beginning to raise nationalisms across the continent. Lino was in Germany until 1897, year that marked his return to Portugal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Raul Lino came to a country full of restlessness and agitation. The solution for the recent trained architect was to get to know his country better, taking a trip around the country and registering the different cultures and local realities. Between 1898 and 1900 this was the occupation of Lino. The first year of the new century marks the beginning of an intellectual dispute between him and the architect Ventura Terra, between Portuguese traditionalism and French cosmopolitanism. Both competed in an open competition for the projection of the Portuguese pavilion for the Paris International Exhibition of the same year, with Ventura Terra winning the opportunity. However, his mark would be visible throughout the hole Portuguese territory. He designed a set of houses in Estoril between 1901 and 1906, the Manor of Patudos in 1904, the House of Cipreste in Sintra in 1912, the Tivoli Cinema in Lisbon in 1925, a villa on Rua Castilho that earned him the Valmor Prize in 1930, and the pavilion of Brazil in the Portuguese World Exhibition of 1940. It is also worth mentioning his works of restoration, especially in Palaces such as Sintra and Queluz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He also held important positions, in 1932 he became a founding member of the Academia de Bela Artes, whose presidency took over in 1967. He was also director of the National Monuments in 1949. In addition to the Valmor prize he received other decorations such as Commander of the Military Order of Christ, on March 4, 1941. Raul Lino also has a large collection of published works, such as &lt;em&gt;A Nossa Casa&lt;/em&gt;, from 1918, &lt;em&gt;Casa Portuguesa&lt;/em&gt;, from 1929, &lt;em&gt;Casas Portuguesas&lt;/em&gt;, from 1933, &lt;em&gt;Quatro palavras sobre Urbanizações&lt;/em&gt;, from 1945, &lt;em&gt;Quatro palavras sobre Arquitectura e Música e sobre alguns elementos morfológicos da Arquitectura nas Artes Estáticas&lt;/em&gt;, from 1962. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His existence crossed the most important moments of the whole XX century in Portugal. He lived in two centuries, having reached the age of majority in 1900. At about thirty years he witnessed the implantation of the Portuguese First Republic. From the age of 40, he accompanied the Estado Novo dictatorship, in which he was comfortably inserted, being on several occasions in the service of Salazar’s regime, from his formation as Military Dictatorship, in 1926, until the acclaimed revolution that would put an end to decades of autarchy, the Revolução dos Cravos, in 1974. He died in Lisbon, at the age of ninety-five, that same year, on July 13, 1974.</text>
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              <text>Mascaro, L. and Bortolucci, M. and Lourenço, J. (2009). Raúl Lino, Uma leitura dos projetos das "Casas Portuguesas", &lt;em&gt;Oculum Ensaios 09_10&lt;/em&gt;, pp. 52-65.</text>
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              <text>PEREIRA, P. (2012). &lt;em&gt;Raul Lino, Arquitetura e Paisagem (1900-1948)&lt;/em&gt;. PhD Thesis. ISCTE, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.</text>
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