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              <text>Nicolas Lecrenier was a French civil engineer involved in the construction of the Railways of Portugal. Little is known about the period he was in Portugal, but he had an important role in the construction company of D. José de Salamanca, having held the position of construction engineer for the East Line. In the early 1860s, he directed the construction of the 4th section of the Northern Line, near Aveiro. However, in 1862 he would be called to Lisbon to take on a very relevant role in the Construction of Railways. He was a reviewer of the project of engineer João Evangelista de Abreu for the Santa Apolónia Railway Station, originally the Caes dos Soldados Station, a project that also had the collaboration of Engineer Angel Arribas Ugarte and, later, the construction done by the company Oppermann. At the end of the 1860s, Lecrenier was part of the committee responsible for studying the connections of the Southern and Southeast Line with the Eastern Line, overseeing himself the section between Estremoz and Elvas. He proposed the construction of 56 kilometers of railways to connect the Ameixal station, near Estremoz, and the Elvas station, connecting the two lines.</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;ABRAGÃO, F. (1856). No Centenário dos Caminhos de Ferro de Portugal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Nº1648, pp. 375-382.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;D'ORNELLAS, C. (1861). Há 50 Anos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Nº1768, pp. 229-230.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>MARQUES GOMES, J. (1861). Noticiário. &lt;em&gt;O Districto de Aveiro&lt;/em&gt;. Primeiro Anno, Nº12.</text>
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              <text>B. Wattier was an influential French engineer in the construction of the first railways in Portugal. He was a professor at the Paris School of Engineering. He arrived in Lisbon in January 1856, after the suspension of works on the East Line, as a result of the conflicts between the Companhia Central Peninsular dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses and the line's contractors. Hired by the Ministry of Public Works, Commerce and Industry, his job would be to direct and study the construction works for the line, particularly the route between Lisbon and Santarém, which he begins on February 7. Wattier goes so far as to say, as the Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro states, that it was his “experience and cooperation” that motivated his hiring. In this role, Wattier had the help of engineers Margiochi and Gromicho Couceiro. He approved the route traced by Joaquim Nunes de Aguiar who defended the passage to the south of Santarém, next to Ponte da Asseca, relegating the crossing of the Tagus River to Constância. The layout of the line after Entroncamento was also designed by Wattier, passing through Coimbra. The decade of the 1850s is visibly influenced by Wattier’s, together with the engineer Thomaz Rumball, main design proposals for the entire eastern and northern lines. Regarding this last line, the French engineer proposed a totally inland route to Estarreja and Ovar and then going along the coast to the northern slope of Serra do Pilar. This position went against the previous proposals of engineer Sousa Brandão.</text>
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              <text>Joaquim Nunes de Aguiar was a Portuguese engineer born in 1812. His training began in commercial studies, driven by his family's desire to see him pursue the financial career. However, at the age of 34, between c. 1846 and 1849, he went to Paris to study engineering at the École des Ponts et Chaussées. Returned to Portugal, he joined the public works services of the City Council in Funchal, Madeira. In 1850 he moved to Lisbon, but the lack of work for engineers, adding to his non-military education and lack of acquaintances in the public administration, made him accept a job as secretary of the Civil Governor of Santarém. Only in 1852, with the foundation of the Ministry of Public Works, Commerce and Industry, did he return to the activity of engineer on behalf of the government. In 1856 he worked with Valentim Evaristo do Rego at the Commission for the Railway of Santarém to the border, in Spain. He played a major role in the beginning of the construction of Railways in Portugal, being the government fiscal inspector responsible for supervising the construction of the “Linha do Leste”, which connected Lisbon to Badajoz, in Spain. He also worked on the Lisbon water supply project in 1864 and was part of the World Exhibition of 1867 Preparation Commission, which was held in Paris. He was the member number 65 of the Association of Portuguese Civil Engineers. Joaquim Nunes de Aguiar died in 1872.</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;ABRAGÃO, F. (1956). No Centenário dos Caminhos de Ferro de Portugal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Nº1650, pp. 407-424.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>CARDOSO DE MATOS, A. (2009). Asserting the Portuguese Civil Engineering Identity, The Role Played by the École des ponts et chaussées. In CARDOSO DE MATOS, A., PAULA DIOGO, M., GOUZEVITCH, I., GRELON, A. (ed.). &lt;em&gt;The Quest for a Professional Identity, Engineers between Training and Action&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;nbsp;Lisboa, Colibri, pp. 177-209.</text>
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              <text>José de Brito Folque was a Portuguese engineer from the 20th century. His activity was always closely linked to the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC). He wrote several publications and articles, which contributed a lot to the academic progress of the construction sector. Noteworthy, “The use of land as a building material” in 1953, written in partnership with Rui José Gomes, “Compaction in earth dams”, written in partnership with Manuel Coelho Mendes da Rocha and Gui Duvale Oliveira de Castro and “Note on requests for buried pipelines: the concrete case of Lisbon ”in 1954, “Earth massifs and their stability” and “Load capacity of soils” in 1955, “Note on the densification of unsaturated land” and “Geotechnical characteristics of alluvial determined in situ” in 1960, “Rheology of unsaturated soils” in 1961 and “Control of compaction” in 1965.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Júlio Ferry do Espírito Santo Borges was born in Lisbon in 1922. He was a well-known Portuguese civil engineer. Borges completed Civil Engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico in 1945, with the highest grade of his year. Before finishing the bachelor, in 1943, he entered the Civil Engineering Studies Center, where he would work until 1947. In the year of his graduation, he began his academic career, having been an assistant until 1947 in the subject of “General Mathematics” at Instituto Superior Técnico. In 1948 he went to Sweden to do an internship at the Stockholm Cement and Concrete Institute, returning in 1949. In 1954 he presented the famous dissertation on &lt;em&gt;Dimensioning Structures&lt;/em&gt; to LNEC (Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil), in order to obtain the researcher degree. However, less than a year later, in 1955 he was appointed member of the Superior Council for Public Works. His biggest mark in this position concerns his participation in the Commissions for the preparation of the various safety regulations in the construction of structures, namely the &lt;em&gt;Regulamento de Solicitações em Edifícios e Pontes&lt;/em&gt; (RSEP), the &lt;em&gt;Regulamento de Segurança e Ações para Estruturas de Edifícios e Pontes&lt;/em&gt; (RSA), the &lt;em&gt;Regulamento de Estruturas de Betão Armado&lt;/em&gt; (REBA) and the &lt;em&gt;Regulamento de Estruturas de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado&lt;/em&gt; (REBAB).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At LNEC, in 1962, he created the country's first Scientific Calculation Center, promoting also the study and debate on this theme at the international symposiums. The structural analysis methods he developed were used by the designers of the Sobre do Tejo Bridge, having himself been a consultant to the Office of the same bridge. He was the author of several projects of renowned structures, namely the buildings of the fishing port, the Palace of Justice, the National Theater and the headquarters of Banco Espírito Santo. His work &lt;em&gt;Structural Safety&lt;/em&gt;, whose first edition is from 1968, is a major reference in this nuclear field of structural engineering, adopted in several foreign universities. The work &lt;em&gt;Earthquake Engineering&lt;/em&gt;, published in 1969, in collaboration with LNEC Researcher Artur Ravara, is also considered a turning point in this field of engineering. He defended the need for a safety culture and the application of social sciences to the construction sector, suggesting that the ethical component of engineering should be considered as a new area of ​​research, particularly in its relation to the protection of the environment, the conservation of natural resources, the equitable distribution of costs, benefits and risks, and the application of technological advances. His publication &lt;em&gt;Human Motivations, Ethics and Justice&lt;/em&gt; translates specifically this message.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He was a rapporteur and chairman of the Joint Committee on Structural Safety since its founding in 1972, and later became honorary chairman. He chaired the Euro-International Concrete Committee from 1977 to 1983, having also been elected as an honorary president. He was a founding member of several Portuguese scientific associations. He served as chairman of the Board of the Portuguese Society of Seismic Engineering, of the Portuguese Pre-Stressed Group, currently the Portuguese Group of Structural Concrete, and of the Portuguese Group of Structural Engineering, currently the Portuguese Association of Structural Engineering. He was a corresponding member of the Lisbon Science Academy, an honorary member of the American Concrete Institute (ACI), an honorary member of the Italian Association for Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete (AICAP), and a rapporteur of the Joint Structural Safety Committee (JCSS), since its creation in 1972 until 1985, having subsequently been elected president of the plenary and honorary president. He was director and vice president of the International Association of Seismic Engineering, he was vice president of the European Association of Seismic Engineering, he was a member of the Governing Board and the Programming Commission of the International Construction Council, he was member of the General Council of the International Meeting of Materials and Structures Testing Laboratories, he was vice-president of the International Federation of Pre-stressed, and he was vice-president of I Commission of the International Association of Bridges and Structures, having also been appointed an honorary member of this Association in 1989. He was President of the Portuguese Section of the Societé des Ingénieurs et Scientifiques of France. He worked as an UNESCO consultant on seismic engineering and general disaster protection policy. He was a member of the editorial boards of the &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Structures&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Earthquake Engineering&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Structural Dynamics&lt;/em&gt; and the &lt;em&gt;Structural Safety&lt;/em&gt; Magazine. From 1986 to 1990 he was a member of the Commission for the Development of Science and Technology in Europe and the Commission of the European Communities. In 1990 he was appointed national representative on the Technical Committee TC1 - Mechanical Resistance and Stability of Constructions. A year later, finally, he was elected president of the Portuguese Commission CT115 - Structural Eurocodes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both nationally and internationally, he was conductor of several chairs. Abroad, he was the conductor of Seismic Engineering at the International Institute of Seismic Engineering, in Bergamo, between 1967 and 1971, of Structural Safety at the University of Berkeley in 1970 and at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo in 1975, and of Structural Safety Applied to Seismic Engineering at the International Institute of Seismology and Seismic Engineering in Tokyo in 1971. In 1982 he was awarded the degree of Doctor Honoris-Causa by the Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. In 1989 he would be awarded the same degree again by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and, finally, in 1991, he was Doctor Honoris-Causa by the Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto. He was Full Professor at Instituto Superior Técnico, where he taught the chairs of Structural Reliability, Quality Assurance and Actions in Structures. Júlio Ferry Borges was awarded the Order of Santiago da Espada in Portugal, the Order of Cruzeiro do Sul in Brazil and the National Order of Merit in France. He won the Merit prize of the International Association of Bridges and Structures in 1985. In 1995, posthumously, he was awarded the decoration of Grand Officer of the Order of Infante D. Henrique. In 1998 the Portuguese Group of Structural Engineering created the “Ferry Borges Award”. Júlio Ferry Borges passed away in September 1995.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>Michel Virlogeux was born in La Flèche, France, on July 7, 1946. He is a well-known French civil engineer specializing in bridge construction. He joined Ecole Polytechnique, from which he graduated in 1967, and the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, from where he graduated in 1970. He received his PhD in Engineering from Pierre et Marie Curie University in Paris in 1973. Many years later, in 2009, he received another PhD, in Technology, with Honoris causa at Loughborough University. His professional career is quite extensive. He became an &lt;em&gt;Ingénieur des Ponts et Chaussées&lt;/em&gt; of the French Civil Service in 1970, and &lt;em&gt;Ingénieur en Chef&lt;/em&gt; in 1984. During this period, he worked for the state, having worked for as civil servant. He worked at SETRA, the technical service of the Highways Administration, was head of the concrete bridge division and also head of the large bridge division of steel and concrete. At last he worked as a consultant for the Highways Direction at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. Since 1995 he started working as a private consultant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He designed many bridges, namely the Ottmarsheim bridge, the Abbeville, the Fleche bridges, the Moulin sur Escaut rail bridge, the Seyssel cable-stayed bridge, which received an Award of the Steel Construction Industry, the Ré Island Bridge, the Chevire Bridge, the Auray viaduct, the Chateaubriand arch bridge, the Burgundy cable-stayed bridge at Chalon-sur Saône, the Bouran viaduct at Rodez, the A75 Motorway, the Morbihan arch bridge at La Roche Bernard, the Kerkinstensalmi cable-stayed bridge in Finland, the Grand-Tressan pedestrian bridge at Bordeaux, the bridges over La Rivière des Pluies and La Rivière Saint-Denis in La Réunion island and the Normandy Bridge. He also developed the preliminary design of the Millau Viaduct, a construction work awarded several times. He has been expert for the Moosou bridge in Ivory Coast, the Edea bridge in Cameroon and consultant for the Evripos bridge in Greece. With his team he also controlled the execution design of several important bridges, the Ru de Maubuée viaduct for the Marne-la-Vallée line of the Paris Mass Transit System, the viaducts over the Gouet and Gouedic at Saint-Brieuc, the Fontenoy viaduct, the Meylan and Illhof pedestrian cable-stayed bridges, the Tricastin bridge and the experimental bridges at La Ferté-Saint-Aubin, Cognac, Arbois and Charolles. As a private consultant he developed the design of the Avignon viaducts for the French Railways and the Vasco de Gama Bridge, in Portugal. He also made the preliminary design of the Verrières Viaduct, which received the Outstanding Structure Award.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He was awarded several times. He received the IABSE Prize in 1983, the Guerite Silver Medal of the British Section of the Ingenieurs and Scientifiques of France in 1985, the Practical Construction Award of the American Concrete Institute in 1992, the Reed and Mallik Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1994, the silver-gilt medal of the Société d'Encouragement au Progrès in 1993, the George S. Richardson Medal of the Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania in 1995, the Award of Excellence from the Engineering News Record also in 1995, the Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1997, the Silver Medal of the French Academie d'Architecture also in 1997, the Fritz Leonhardt Price in 1999, the Gustave Magnel Gold Medal also in 1999, the Award of the Italian Prefabrication Industry in 2002, the Turner Medal of the American Concrete Institute in 2003, the International Award of Merit of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering also in 2003, the Bridge Design Award of the Bridge Engineering Association that same year, the Hills Millennium Award of the Institution of Engineering Designers in 2005, the Gold Metal of the Institution of Civil Engineers also in 2005, the Freyssinet Medal of the Fédération Internationale du Béton in 2006, the Isambard Kingdom Brunel Award of the Institution of Civil Engineers also in 2006, the Albert Caquot Medal of the French Association of Civil Genesis in 2007 and the Icarus Award of the La Coruna University in 2008. In 2004 he was elected the Engineer of the Year by the French engineering associations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He contributed to some technical evolutions in his area, such as for external prestressing, cable-stayed bridges and composite structures. He was a Professor of Structural Analysis at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées from 1978 to 1994. He was also a Professor of Bridge Design at the Ecole Speciesle des Travaux Publics from 1973 to 1993 and of stability of concrete structures at the Center of Hautes Etudes de la Construction from 1985 to 2006. In 2008 he became Professor of Bridge Design and Construction at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. He has been Secretary, Secretary General and Executive Vice President of the Association Française Pour la Construction for more than twenty years. He was President of the International Federation of Pre-Presidents. He was also President of the International Federation of Béton and became Honorary President. At last he was elected President of the European Construction Institute in 2008. He was made "Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Merite" in 1989, "Officier" in 2000 and "Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur" in November 2005.</text>
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              <text>Edgar Cardoso was born on May 11, 1913, in Porto. He was the fifth son of Francisco Victor Cardoso, infantry officer, civil and mining engineer and Road Director of the “Junta Autónoma das Estradas”, and Amelia Teixeira de Mesquita Cardoso. He married Margarida Congeol in 1941, with whom he had no children. He was a well-known Portuguese civil engineer, named “father of bridges” and recognized as a pioneer in experimental design methods and in the analysis of reduced structural models, applied mainly to the bridges he designed during much of the twentieth century. He grew up between Porto, Viseu and Lisbon, having finished high school in Porto, at Alexandre Herculano High School. He then entered the "Faculdade de Engenharia" of "Universidade do Porto", attending the courses of Civil Engineering and Electrical Engineering and graduating the first in 1937, with 17 values.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1935 he began his professional career, performing an internship in the silting study of the Port of Leixões. He contacted with some renowned engineers, namely Engineer Gervásio Leite, Technical Director of the Ports of Douro and Leixões. In 1936 he did an internship in the Bragança section of the “Junta Autónoma das Estradas” and in 1937 he attended another internship in the Bridges Division of the same board. It would be in this same institution that Edgar Cardoso would develop much of his professional activity until 1951, and it was at “Junta Autónoma das Estradas” that he was appointed 2nd Class Engineer in 1944 and 1st Class Engineer in 1951. However, he also created an individual studio in 1944, at the time designated “Laboratório de Ensaio e Estudo de Estruturas e Fundações Engenheiro Edgar Cardoso”, conducting studies for the Lisbon City Council and the Zêzere and Cávado Hydroelectric. In 1992 the studio became a society.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He's recognized by several projects in Portugal including the Lisbon-Estoril highway, specially the revision of the Duarte Pacheco Viaduct calculations, the first bridge over the Tagus, where he made preliminary studies, the Ponte da Foz do Sousa in 1948, with the largest gap in the country at the time, the Vila Franca de Xira viaduct on the “Autoestrada do Norte” in 1958, the Arrábida Bridge between 1957 and 1963, with the largest prestressed concrete arch of the time in the world, the São Fins Road Bridge in 1963, the Santa Clara Bridge in Coimbra, the Mosteirô Bridge in 1972, the Figueira da Foz Bridge in 1982, the first Portuguese riser bridge, the Barco D'Alva Bridge, the Vila Real de Santo Antonio and Ayamonte International Bridge, the reconversion of the D. Luís Bridge in Porto, the widening and rehabilitation of the D. Luís Bridge in Santarém between 1956 and 1964 and the São João Bridge in Porto in 1991. He designed hundreds of bridges scattered between Portugal, Angola, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guinea, India, Macau, Mozambique, Nigeria, Timor and Venezuela. From these countries it stands out the Cachi River Road Bridge in Costa Rica, the Corubal and Cacheu Bridges in Guinea, the Quanza, Dande, Longa, Cunune and Quéve Road Bridges and the Mozamedes Railroad Bridge in Angola, the suspension bridges over the Zambezi and Save in Mozambique, the Boane Bridge in Goa and the Macau-Taipa Bridge in Macau. However, his activity extended to the projection of bridges, and his mark can be found in the supports of the Eduardo VII Park Mall, in the resistant structures of the Cineteatro Império and Padrão dos Descobrimentos, in the constructions of the Avis and Shereton hotels, in the project of the José Alvalade Stadium flap, in the project of the first expansion of Funchal Airport and in the Entrecampos railway viaduct, between the Republic and Cinco de Outubro avenues. From the theoretical point of view, he developed the experimental sizing path and the photography and projection system, patented by the engineer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1951 he became Full Professor at the Instituto Superior Técnico, governing the chair of Bridges and Special Structures, between 1951 and 1974, interrupting the activity during the period of the 25th of April Revolution, returning at the request of the President of the Republic, Ramalho Eanes, in 1979 and retiring definitely in 1983. He intervened as a jury in assessing the works of bridges and viaducts of the “Autopistas de Barcelona” in 1969 and in discussing the road and rail crossing of the Italian Strait of Messina in 1974. He was a member of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, where he wrote and published more than fifteen Memoirs and Bulletins. He was a member of the Councils for Public Works and Transport, Overseas Development, the Technical Council of Industry and the Technical Regulation Committees. He was also chairman of the Study Committee on the Reorganization of Building Ceramics at the Ministry of Economy. He was distinguished as Grand Officer of the Order of Santiago da Espada for the projection of the Arrábida Bridge, and as Officer of the Order of Christ for the design and direction of the works of art of the Lisbon-National Stadium highway. He was awarded the degree of honorary researcher of the “Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil”. He won the first Manuel Rocha research award in 1982 and the Aboim Sande Lemos award in 1989. He received gold medals from the people of Mozambique and the cities of Porto and Figueira da Foz. He also received the honorary doctorate in Architecture and Civil Engineering by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Since the beginning of his career, he published articles in magazines such as IST “Técnica”, “Revista da Faculdade de Engenharia”, “Boletim da Ordem dos Engenheiros” and “Memórias e Boletins da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa”. Edgar Cardoso died on July 5, 2000.</text>
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              <text>Armando Porfírio Campos Pereira was born on October 21, 1955, in Macau. He attended Civil Engineering at the Instituto Superior Técnico, in Lisbon, which he ended in 1980. He then attended the Master's degree in Structural Engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico, which he finished in 1985 with the thesis “Vigas de alma cheia em Pontes Metálicas, Consideração de Fenómenos de Instabilidade Local”. At the same institution, he worked as a guest lecturer from 1980 to 2010, teaching several disciplines of his specialty, such as “Design of Structures” and “Bridges”. He collaborated with CEMUL and CMEST in the elaboration of automatic calculation programs for linear and nonlinear structures. Alongside his teaching activity, he is also Project Manager at the company “GRID, Consultations, Studies and Engineering Projects, Lda.”, today called “GRID International, Consulting Engineers”. In this company he grew up as a professional and, since the 80's, followed its evolution and growth. His main areas of professional intervention are in bridges and special structures, both nationally and internationally, as is the case of the Socorridos Bridge, in Madeira, designed together with his colleague at “GRID International, Consulting Engineers” António Reis. There is also a lot of work done by him on the rehabilitation and modernization of bridges. Armando Pereira is also a senior member of the Portuguese Order of Engineers.</text>
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              <text>"Armando Pereira". In&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;GRID International - Consulting Engineers&lt;/em&gt;, [online]. Available at: http://www.grid.pt/sobre/equipa/d/armando-pereira [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].</text>
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                <text>1955-present, Portugal</text>
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